Kerala

History and Geography

Kerala is in the extreme south-west of the Local indian native subcontinent. When the individual Indian mixed little states together Travancore and Cochin states were integrated to kind Travancore-Cochin situation on 1 This season, 1949. 

However, Malabar remained under the Madras area. Under the Area's reorganisation Act-1956, Travancore-Cochin situation and Malabar were u. s. to kind Kerala Condition on 1 Nov, 1956.

Kerala's way of life has been a essential piece of the well-known of Local indian native way of life. In between the excellent Western Ghats on the southern and the Arabian Sea on the eu, the dimension the situation varies from 35 km to 120 km. According to the local features, the Condition can be divided into hills, valleys, midland flatlands and costal belt. Kerala is complete of rivers and backwaters. 44 rivers (41 european loading and 3 southern flowing) cut across Kerala with their several tributaries and chairs. The backwaters kind an eye-catching and economically useful operate of Kerala.

Agriculture

A exclusive function of the condition is the Predominance of money plants. About 50 % of the inhabitants relies on farming. Kerala is a significant manufacturer of grape, rubberized, spice up, cardamom, cinnamon, chocolate, cashew, aracanut, java and tea. Spices or herbs like nutmeg, nutmeg, cloves, etc., are also developed. Grain and Tapioca are the essential food plants. 

The regular yearly decrease in place under rice during the Eight Five-Year strategy was around 22,000 ha, whereas it has come down to a typical of 13,000 ha during the 9th Plan interval. However during 2004-05 a minor improve in place was documented by 2634 ha from 2.87 lakh ha in 2003-04 to 2.90 lakh ha and rice development improved type 5.70 lakh MT to 6.67 lakh MT, an improve of 17 % during this interval in comparison to a decrease of 17 % in 2003-04 with that of 2002-2003.

The unmatched famine recently has provided to the decrease of Paddy development during 2003-04 which was changed in 2004-05. During 2004-05 highest possible improve in rice development was documented in Allappuzha (+75 per cent) and Palakkad (+37 per cent) in comparison to past season.

Coconut is the most essential money plants of Kerala with a protection of 9 lakhs ha. Coconut takes up 41 % of net popped place and provides vibrant bonnet to over 3.5 thousand family members. Production dropped by 2.5 % in 2004-05 as opposed to season before. The normal efficiency has also a little bit dropped in 2004-05 by 2.5 % to 6379 nuts/ha in comparison to 2003-04.

Pepper is one of the significant trade focused products in which the condition ongoing to enjoy a near monopoly in place and development. The efficiency of spice up documented during 2004-05 was only 327 kg. per ha. The development dropped type 69015 MT during 2003-04 to 68362MT in 2004-05. Pepper created in Kerala brings a top quality price in Worldwide Market in perspective of its innate quality.

Kerala has a significant discuss in the four farmville farm plants of rubberized, java, tea and cardamom. The four plants together take up 6.42 lakh ha bookkeeping for 29 % of the net popped place in the condition and 42 % of the place in the nation.

Kerala records for 83 % of place under rubberized in the nation. The protection under plants in 2004-05 was 4.81 lakh ha higher by 2141 ha, over the season before. The development of natural rubberized in Kerala during the season was 6.91 lakh loads showing a 5 % improve over the season before. The improving pattern in efficiency ongoing during 2004-05.

The place under java in Kerala was 0.846 lakh ha, out of 3.28 lakh ha in the nation during 2004-05 which works out to 26 %. The discuss of Kerala in development is 19.7 % during 2004-05. Manufacture of java during the season was only 0.54 lakh MT against 2.75 lakh MT for the nation.

Against the complete place of 5.11 lakh ha under tea in the nation Kerala records for only 0.37 lakh ha. In regard of development the discuss of Kerala dropped to 6 % in 2004 from 7 % in the season before. Tea farmville farm possessed by big companies worker a labor power of over 84,000 in the organized industry.

The discuss of Kerala in the development of cardamom at the nationwide level also improved from 28 % to 76 % in 2004-05.

Industry

Kerala is full of commercial potentialities and features facilities such as hydro-electric power, wealthy jungles, unusual nutrients and the efficient system of transportation and devices. Traditional areas are handloom, cashew, coir and handcraft, other essential areas are rubberized, tea, ceramics, power and digital equipment, telephone cords, transformers, stones and flooring, drugs and substances, general technological innovation, plyboard splints and false teeth, beedi and stogie, cleansers, sebum, plant foods and khadi and town market items. 

There are a variety of production models for production of perfection equipment, machine tools, oil items, shows, pulp paper, newspaper, glass and non-ferrous materials. Major trade items are cashew nut, tea, coffee, spices or herbs, orange lawn oil, sea foods, increased timber and coir. The state has an variety of essential nutrients like ilmenite, rutile, monozite, zircon, sillimanite, clay-based and quarta movement sand.

The performance in the commercial trade of almost all significant items documented positive growth. Software exports increased by around 66 per cent from Rs. 240 crore in 2003-04 to 400 crore in 2004-05. The variety of commercial conflicts awaiting is 2658 by 2004-05 which is lower than in 2003-04. The variety of hits and lockouts during 2004-05 reduced compared to 2003-04.

In Kerala 14655 joint stock organizations were working as on 31 April 2005 which includes 13210 private restricted and 1445 community restricted organizations. Kerala has the biggest variety of PSUs in Native indian (113 out of 1071) which employ 1,15,697 individuals, of these 63 production models are classified under chemical technological innovation, electrical equipment, fabrics, digital, ceramics, features, agro and timber centered areas. There has been an improvement in the overall success of community market models under the Industries Division in 2004-05.

The Govt of Kerala assists, commercial models by offering financial aid, features and training/consultancy services. The essential agencies/departments involved in commercial marketing are KFC, KSIDC, SIDBI, KINFRA, Directorate of Industries and Industry, SIDC, SISI, KITCO & CMD.

The Directorate of Industries and Industry provides features facilities for small-scale market by acquiring area and developing it into developing area/plots with features like developed area, road, drinking water, power, necessary building, etc. The Little Industries Development Organization also performs works on supply of features facilities for the small-scale market through its significant commercial estate and small commercial properties.

One of the significant forced areas for trade marketing has been the Unique Financial Area. The plan plans to set up Unique Financial Area in the country with a view to provide an worldwide competitive and straight forward environment for exports. Kochi is the only city in Native indian having three Unique Financial Areas - Electronic Recreational areas at KINFRA in Kalamassery, Cochin SEZs, Port Based SEZ. Other SEZs - Malappuram Food Recreation area, Technopark, suggested SEZ - Thiruvananthapuram Outfits Recreation area, Movie and Video Recreation area, Movement SEZ (First Movement SEZ in India).

The small-scale commercial market is one of the most powerful and vivid areas in the Native indian economic system in terms of career generation. The Little commercial unit authorized in Kerala as on 31 April 2005 was 280584 with an financial commitment of Rs. 4230.03 crore and an career to 12,60,007 individuals. During 2004-05, 4935 models with an financial commitment of Rs. 198.63 crore offering career to 22585 individuals were authorized.

The Govt of Kerala has attracted up an financial commitment marketing program named as Kerala Local Industry Promotion Programme (KLIPP) under the banner name of PRATHYASA through Region Industries Center. The purpose of the plan is to accomplish the setting up of 25,000 models in small range market generating to 1,00,000 career during 2005-06.

Information Technology

Technology and the ability to use it is progressively being considered as the crucial aspect in producing and obtaining prosperity, power and knowledge and therefore Social Well being. The Government of Kerala has taken several steps for the development of IT in the Condition. Popular among them are:
Technopark - Thiruvananthapuram - India's first Globe Category, Globe - Range - IT campus
IT Recreation place at KINFRA at Kochi
Akshaya Program of Kerala IT Mission
E-Governance projects of Condition Government like FRIENDS
Technopark was created as a IT atmosphere with all necessary basic and improved infrastructural features that the market need. It functions as a single-point contact for the most of the Government of Indian clearances and mortgage approvals. Technopark got ISO 9001:2000 Qualifications in 2004 for developing and keeping a quality program for development and marketing of facilities and support services for IT school. It is a first support company which has been granted CMMI level 4 certification by Carnegie Mellon University, USA in 2004.

Today the school is variety to about 84 worldwide and household organizations with an economical commitment of Rs. 634.25 crore. During 2004-05 getting area was performed for further development of the current school. 86 kilometers of area has been already obtained and the process for taking advance ownership are in improvement. The new school of Technopark (86 Acres) is announced by Main Government as Special Economic Area.

The Details Recreation place at Kochi is a 92 acre Recreation place with a built-up place of 3.5 lakh sq. ft. Significant organizations like WIPRO, OPI, ACS, IBS and TCS started functions in Details Recreation place. 1400 workers are currently involved in Infopark features. The complete economical commitment of the company is Rs. 80.43 crore. The complete trade for Infopark organizations is Rs. 32 crore.

Kerala has been chosen as 2nd best state in Indian in execution of egovernance. FRIENDS (Fast Effective Immediate Effective System for payment Service) is a �Single Screen Mechanism� where people have the opportunity to pay all taxation and other economical expenses to the Government.

E-pay is an online invoice payment service presented by Government of Kerala through Akshaya e-kendras as an expansion of FRIENDS venture in Malappuram Region during Aug 2004.

The resident call center first of its kind in the nation installation in situations investment carry dealings, associated with various gov divisions which are required by common people over phone.

Irrigation

Keeping in line with Nationwide Strategy Kerala also depended upon surface area water watering program managing the gravitational power for submission. A significant slice of the expenses on water sources market was arranged for major and method watering. Out of a collective economical commitment of Rs. 3572.40 crore made as on April 2005, Rs. 2462.51 crore (69 per cent) was for major and method watering.

The watering program in Kerala is maintained through major, method and minimal watering as well as floor water and control place development programs. The finished major watering tasks are Malampuzha, Chalakkudy, Peechi, Pampa, Periyar, Chittorpuzha, Kuttiyadi, Neyyar, Chimmini, Pazhassi, Kanjirapuzha and Kallada and the method tasks are Pothundy, Gayathri, Walayar, Vazhani, Mangalam and Cheerakuzhi. Development works of four major tasks Muvattupuzha, Idamalayar, Karapuzha, Kuriarkuty - Karappara and the method tasks Banasurasagar, Bridge-cum-regulator at Thrithala and Chammaravattom are in improvement.

In Kerala an expenses of Rs. 930 crore is set apart for watering market during Tenth strategy interval such as Rs. 600 crore for major and method watering, Rs. 205 crore for minimal watering for Rs. 50 crore for Overflow Control and Anti-Sea Break down perform. 

During the first three years of strategy interval an amount of Rs. 435.95 crore was allocated and expenses for the interval was Rs. 494.63 crore. The most important part of the expenses on water sources market was arranged for major and method watering tasks.

The Command Area Development programme was released with primary of linking the gap between the watering prospective created and utilized and enhancing farming development and efficiency in the watering orders. The programme was updated in 2003-04 and re-named as Command Area Development and Water Control Program.

The primary actions of Command Area Development Power (CADA) consist of construction of area programs, area empties, administration of wara bandhi and reclamation of Water signed places. The CAD actions were performed in 16 finished watering tasks, namely, Malampuzha, Mangalam, Pothundy, Walayar, Cheerakuzhy, Vazhani, Peechi, Chalakkudy, Neyyar, Gayatri, Pampa, Periyar Area, Chitturpuzha, Kuttiyadi, Pazhachi and Kanjirapuzha with a complete ayacut of 2.03 lakh ha. CADA programs are applied with economical aid of Government. of Indian. 

The accomplishment documented during 2004-05 consist of construction of area programs in 1998 ha, empties to benefit 6156 ha, flexible tests in 10ha, 83 training programs, regular level and evaluation research in 2302 ha. The perform on reclamation of water closed places were done in 1033 ha and 3 evaluation reviews were also released.

Power

The development of power market in Kerala during the last two years has been amazing. During the beginning of development, concentrate was on hitting hydro power prospective in situations. Kerala Power System contains 30 power producing channels such as 24 hydel, 5 heat and one breeze of which KSEB operates 24 hydel and one breeze and two heat channels.

The complete set up prospective in Kerala as on 31 April 2005 is approximated as 2617.22 MW of which KSEB's hydel vegetation play a role 1810.60 MW, Wind village at Kanchikode 2.0 MW and Thermal Power Plants 234.60 MW.

Malankara Hydro Electric Project was requested on 23 Oct 2005. As a result the set up prospective has been improved by 10.5 MW.

Under the micro-hydel programme, execution of Little Hydel Projects on part of two district Panchayats, Kammadi in Kasargode district and Chakkarakundu in Kozhikode district have been performed by ANERT. UNIDO has set up a Local Concentrate on small hydro power at Energy Control Centre. The center has ready specific venture reviews for 30 small hydro tasks in Kerala. 

Of which 13 small hydro venture were utilized visitors under Attentive Power Projects and Separate Power Projects on BOOT foundation. The first off lines 100 KW micro hydel power tasks was requested in Mankulam, Iduki Region. Pasavaikumbe in Kasargode district and Kalyanathandu in Idukki district are two sites determined for study under the Nationwide Wind Energy Source Assessment.

In the light of releasing the venture, Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidhyuteekaran Yojana (RGGVY) by the Government of Indian, suggestions were posted to the Government of Indian with an expenses Rs. 348.79 crore for the electrification of 3578 habitations in 930 towns protecting 14 regions of Kerala. The Government of Indian have approved Rs. 221.75 crore to apply the plan as first stage protecting seven regions in Kerala viz. Kasargod, Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Idukki, and Palakkad.

Transport

Transport program of situations contains 1.54 lakh km of Street, 1148 km of Railways 1687 km of National Water Ways and 111 law kilometers of Air passage and 18 slots.

National Highways in Kerala
S.No.	Name	Length (km)
1	NH 17 - Thalappady - Edappally	420.777
2	NH 47 - Walayar - Kaliyikkavila	416.800
3	NH 47 A - Wellington Island to Kochi - Bypass	5.920
4	NH 49 - Bodimettu - Muvatupuzha - Kochi	167.593
5	NH 208 - Kollam - Aryankavu - Muvattupuzha	81.280
6	NH 212 - Kozhikode - Kallegel	117.600
7	NH 213 - Kozhikode - Palakkad	125.300
8	NH 220 - Kollam - Kottayam - Kumily - Theni	190.300

Kerala Condition Transportation Venture (KSTP) released in July 2002 with the assistance of World Bank is in the process of improving and increasing of 584 km of current streets and undertaking heavy servicing of 993 km of streets and150 km of performance connected servicing. Upgradation of 93 km of nationwide water pathways also types part of the project.

Roads: Kerala is the first state in the country having hundred % road axis to its distant towns. The complete length of streets in situations is 138196.471 km, of which 21467.492 km comes under PWD, 1523.954 km under National Roadways, and 95515.888 km under Panchayats.

Railway: The state has a complete train path of 1,148 km and includes 13 train tracks. It has 1,053.86 km of wide evaluate collections and 94.14 km of gauge evaluate collections.

Aviation: There are three worldwide airports, viz., Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi (Nedumbassery) and Kozhikode, of which the first two are air-ports.

Ports Sector: A long its shoreline of 585 km Kerala has one significant slot at Kochi and 17 minimal advanced slots. The Primary Reverend set the base rock for the Vallarpadam International Package Transshipment Terminal on 16 Dec 2005. Realization the famous project would make the Kochi Port as a significant hubport in the Native indian Sea.

Education

Kerala has obtained a higher knowledge amount of 90.92 % (2001 census), as against the all Native indian amount of 65.38 %. In Kerala, among the areas, Kottayam has the biggest knowledge amount of 95.90 % and Palakkad has the smallest knowledge of 84.31 %. Local and sex differences in knowledge rates are least in Kerala.

The features created under Region Primary Knowledge program, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and participation of Local Government authorities have provided to the enhanced features.

Kerala has seven colleges and two considered colleges. During the past five years, there has been a remarkable increase of specialized schools in Kerala.

Festivals

Kerala is the home of many vibrant celebrations. Most of them have a spiritual fervour motivated by Hindu myth. Onam is the most common of Kerala celebrations, which correlates with the collect season. It is now famous on substantial New Season Day. Navarathri is famous as Saraswathi Pooja in Kerala. Maha Shivarathri is famous on the financial institutions of Periyar Stream as a amazing event, which is compared to Kumbhamela. 

The 41 days event, which correlates with Makaravilakku in Sabarimala Ayyappan forehead, draws lakhs of individuals from Native indian and overseas. The Vallamkali or vessel competition is common of Kerala. All the vessel celebrations have a spiritual source except Nehru Award Boat competition performed in the Punnamada Pond. Vadakkumnatha forehead at Thrissur enjoys Pooram celebrations in Apr annually with an amazing procession of caparisoned monsters and display of remarkable pyrotechnics. 

Main Religious celebrations are Xmas and Easter time. Maramon meeting, organised annually on the Pumba riverbed, is the greatest collecting of Religious believers in Japan. The Muslims enjoy Milade Shareef, Ramzan going on a fast, Id ul Fitr and Bakr-id.

Tourism

Tourism to Kerala is what apple growing is to Himachal Pradesh. Both these areas offer all the pre-conditions for continual and successful growth of the specific actions. The factors exciting a growing travel and leisure industry include, picturesque elegance, average atmosphere, clean atmosphere, friendly and serenity adoring individuals with great patience for social variety and the potential for creating unique travel and leisure products.

Kerala has appeared as the most recommended visitor place in the country. Beach locations, summer, back waters, hill stations, water falls, wild way of life, Ayurveda, year-round festivities and diverse nature make Kerala a exclusive place for guests.

The Department of Vacation, Kerala Vacation Development Company, District Vacation Promotion Authorities, Bakal Vacation Development Company, Local Govt and Personal Market are the important players in the field. The forced locations presently being looked into are for enhancing town journey and enjoyment, MICE journey and enjoyment (meeting, rewards, conventions and events/exhibitions/trade shows), culture journey and enjoyment, eco-tourism and medical excellent care journey and enjoyment.

Then mala Eco-Tourism project features a visitor facilitation middle, shop court garden, plazas, picnic area, natural pathway, climbing, river traversing amphi theatre, restaurant, cancellation link, lotus pond, musical dancing water fountain, statue garden, deer recovery middle, sailing, battery powered vehicles, etc. During 2004-05, 104622 guests visited Thenmala and the earnings created was Rs. 3563820.

The currency trading creating from journey and enjoyment during 2004 is Rs. 1266.77 crore. The creating from domestic guests during 2004 is Rs. 3881.92 crore. Complete earnings created from journey and enjoyment directly and ultimately in the situation are worked out as about Rs. 6829 crore. Vacation utilizes about 8 lakh persons in the situation. The investment in journey and enjoyment is about Rs. 500 crore per period.

Education

According to 2001 census, the information quantity in Kerala is well above the National frequent and it is the highest among the Native indian States. The information quantity in Kerala is 90.86 % in 2001 as against the all Native indian quantity of 65.38 % The men and women information quantity are 94.2 % and 87.6 % respectively.

In Kerala there are 12650 schools in 2005 including of 6827 lower primary schools, 3042 upper primary schools and 2781 excellent schools. Besides there are 483 CBSE University, 78 ICSE Schools, 27 Kendriya Vidyalayas and 13 Jawahar Navodaya Vidhyalayas.

The served university program still keeps strong presence in Kerala. Out of the whole 12650 schools 7287 are personal served schools (57.60 per cent). Of the whole 3042 UP schools 31.36 % are in Govt industry, 61.47 % independently served industry and the rest 7.17 % are independently unaided industry. Of the whole 2781 excellent schools 35.78 % are government, 51.17 % are personal served and 13.05 % are personal unaided.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the most committed educational project since freedom is designed to offer useful and relevant elementary information for all children in the age team 6 to 14 by 2010.

The wide range of properly secured teachers both in Govt and Assisted schools was status at 3148 during 2004-05. It contains 524 Extra university teachers, 1904 PD teachers and 720 exclusive teachers.

The wide range of properly secured teachers both in Govt and Assisted schools was status at 3148 during 2004-05. It contains 524 Extra university teachers, 1904 PD teachers and 720 exclusive teachers.

In order to reorganise additional level to train and learning in accordance with the National Educational Policy Higher Extra course was provided in the situation. As a first stage during 1990-91, 31 government schools were upgraded to the status of Higher Extra Schools. Rating program of assessment has been provided in Higher additional levels from 2005-06 educational period forward.

Vocational Higher Extra Education and learning was provided in the situation with the objective of maximum accomplishment of employment opportunity by creating more skilled and job targeted hr. As a first stage, the course was provided in 19 government excellent schools during 1983-84. The approved intake and actual enrolment in VHSS during 2004-05 are 26874 and 25382 respectively.

Kerala Higher Education and learning System consists of 7 institutions and two considered institutions. Colleges and universities in Kerala now shift emphasis from conventional applications to professional and technical job targeted applications. Most of the new is self-financing. The two important sources of earnings for institutions in Kerala are technique and non-plan grants provided to them by a nearby government. The technique and non technique costs of the institutions during 2003-04 was Rs. 11014.6 lakhs. It increased to 12858.1 lakh during 2004-05.

Health

Kerala has achieved very excellent wellness and fitness requirements in locations like starting quantity, lack of way of life quantity, infant lack of way of life amount quantity, expectant mothers lack of way of life amount quantity, frequent way of life at starting and immunisation. In Kerala starting quantity is 16.90, lack of way of life quantity - 6.40, IMR - 10 and MMR - 0.87 per thousand population. Though Kerala has achieved better wellness proper excellent care signs, the people are now facing the problem of excellent fatalities both from communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Kerala's wellness proper excellent care program contains Allopathy, Ayurveda and Homoeopathy. Three methods of drugs together have 2696 institutions in government industry. The three methods together have 48834 beds in the Govt Market. Kerala has almost achieved universalisation of immunisation. During 2004-05, the security of BCG was 104.3 %. Information gathered from RCC shows that more patients treated for cancer are in the age wide range of 55 to 64 years. The first HIV positive case was identified in Kerala later.

Kerala usually spends fairly substantial quantity on medical excellent care and public wellness and fitness which is evident from percapita government wellness and fitness costs.

Drinking Water Supply

In Kerala 82.59 % town and 62.24 % non-urban population have been secured by piped water by 2004-05. The overall water security is 67.52 % as against 65.2 % during 2003-04. The non-urban - town security during 2003-04 was 60 % and 80 % respectively. During 2004-05 additional population secured with properly secured water was 7.43 lakh. Out of it 66887 (9 per cent) were Organized Caste and 8175 (1 per cent) were Organized Group Population.

Kerala Water Authority has 1895 water methods in operation as on 1 Apr 2005. It contains 65 town methods, 952 Non-urban Multi Panchayat methods and 878 Non-urban Single Panchayat Techniques. During 2004-05, 40 methods have been asked for, of which 6 are town and 34 of Non-urban. Govt of Kerala has taken up 2 water projects with external assistance they are:
JBIC Assisted Kerala Water Provide Venture and
World Bank served Kerala Non-urban Water Provide and Hygiene Venture (Jalanidhi)

Poverty Eradication

Kerala is seeking to achieve a cutting-edge in participatory problems reduce through municipality and Kudumbasree Programs used by State Hardship Eradiation Mission. As per the NSSO 55th round, (1999-2000). Kerala's problems is 9.35 % in non-urban locations and 20.27 % in towns. The 1999-2000 data shows Kerala's Hardship at 12.72 % against all Native indian quantity of 26.30 %. Kudumbasree System helps microlevel treatments to reduce problems and perfectly monitor problems reduce projects where it happens. An innovative extension of this programme called 'ASRAYA' has been used in about one third of Kerala to offer community based social security to the lowest of the poor.